Prognostic markers in breast cancer associated with cell cycle control, proliferation and angiogenesis

_____________________________________________________ 3 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS AND MANUSCRIPTS ________________ 4 BACKGROUND _________________________________________________ 8 CELL CYCLE CONTROL AND TP53 _______________________________________ 9 VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR AND TP53____________________ 12 MAIN CATEGORIES OF PROGNOSTIC AND PREDICTIVE BREAST CANCER MARKERS _________________________________ 13 ESTABLISHED MARKERS______________________________________________ 13 STAGE ____________________________________________________________ 13 HISTOPATHOLOGICAL GRADE___________________________________________ 15 ESTROGEN RECEPTOR AND PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR _______________________ 15 EMERGING MARKERS ________________________________________________ 17 TP53 _____________________________________________________________ 17 HER2(NEU/C-ERBB-2)________________________________________________ 18 UROKINASE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR (UPA) _____________________________ 19 DNA ANALYSIS: S-PHASE FRACTION _____________________________________ 20 DNA PLOIDY ANALYSIS _______________________________________________ 21 CYCLIN E __________________________________________________________ 22 KI67 (MIB-1) ______________________________________________________ 24 EVIDENCE VALUE AND CLINICAL UTILITY ________________________________ 25 AIMS OF THE STUDY__________________________________________ 28 PATIENTS AND METHODS ____________________________________ 29 PATIENTS _________________________________________________________ 29 THERAPY AND FOLLOW-UP_____________________________________________ 30 SURGERY __________________________________________________________ 30 ADJUVANT THERAPY _________________________________________________ 30 LABORATORY METHODS _____________________________________________ 31 TP53 _____________________________________________________________ 31 VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF) ________________________ 31 CYCLIN E __________________________________________________________ 32 P21(WAF1/CIP1) AND MDM-2__________________________________________ 32 KI-67 _____________________________________________________________ 33